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Mikami R, Murao M, Cugell DW, Chretien J, Cole P, Meier-Sydow J et al (1987) International symposium on lung sounds. Epub 1Įlphick HE, Lancaster GA, Solis A, Majumdar A, Gupta R, Smyth RL (2004) Validity and reliability of acoustic analysis of respiratory sounds in infants. Epub 4įorgacs P (1978) The functional basis of pulmonary sounds. Heart views: the official journal of the Gulf Heart Association 13(1):24–25. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. In this review we attempt to summarize what is known about crackles and, in addition, discuss in less detail some of the other less common adventitious lung sounds. Unfortunately, the diagnostic utility of these high-end methods in clinical settings is still limited.

Based on various methods of artificial intelligence, researchers have managed to effectively detect and analyze lung sound signals and characterize them objectively. The study of lung sounds, in general, and crackles, in particular, has advanced rapidly in the last two decades, thanks to the contribution of evolving technology.

They are generated when air is forced through abnormally narrowed respiratory passages. They are classified as fine or coarse depending on their frequency and duration fine crackles have high frequency and short duration, whereas coarse crackles have lower frequency and longer duration. Crackles are intermittent, nonmusical, and brief adventitious lung sounds that can be heard on inspiration and sometimes during expiration.

Lung sounds rales